依赖属性回调和验证

项目
2025-05-07

本文介绍如何定义依赖属性并实现依赖属性回调。回调支持值验证、值强制和其他属性值更改时所需的逻辑。

先决条件

本文假设对依赖属性有一个基本的了解，并且你已阅读依赖项属性概述。若要遵循本文中的示例，如果熟悉可扩展应用程序标记语言（XAML），并且知道如何编写 WPF 应用程序，则很有帮助。

验证值回调

验证值回调提供了一种方法，用于检查新的依赖属性值在属性系统应用之前是否有效。如果值不符合验证条件，此回调将引发异常。

在属性注册期间，验证值回调只能分配给依赖属性一次。注册依赖属性时，可以选择传递ValidateValueCallback引用给Register(String, Type, Type, PropertyMetadata, ValidateValueCallback)方法。验证值回调不是属性元数据的一部分，无法被重写。

依赖属性的有效值是其应用值。如果存在多个基于属性的输入，则通过属性值优先级来确定有效值。如果为依赖属性注册了验证值回调，则属性系统将在值更改时调用其验证值回调，并将新值作为对象传入。在回调中，可以将值对象转换为属性系统注册的类型，然后运行验证逻辑。如果该值对属性有效，则回调返回 true ，否则 false返回。

如果验证值回调返回 false，则会引发异常，并且不会应用新值。应用程序编写器必须准备好处理这些异常。验证值回调的常见用途是验证枚举值，或者在它们表示具有限制的度量值时约束数值。验证值回调函数在不同场景中由属性系统调用，包括：

对象初始化，用于在创建时应用默认值。
对于SetValue的编程调用。
指定新默认值的元数据替代。

validate-value 回调没有参数来指定在哪个 DependencyObject 实例上设置新值。所有DependencyObject实例共享相同的validate-value回调函数，因此它不能用于验证特定实例场景。有关详细信息，请参阅 ValidateValueCallback。

以下示例演示如何阻止将类型为 Double 的属性设置为 PositiveInfinity 或 NegativeInfinity。

public class Gauge1 : Control
{
    public Gauge1() : base() { }

    // Register a dependency property with the specified property name,
    // property type, owner type, property metadata, and callbacks.
    public static readonly DependencyProperty CurrentReadingProperty =
        DependencyProperty.Register(
            name: "CurrentReading",
            propertyType: typeof(double),
            ownerType: typeof(Gauge1),
            typeMetadata: new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
                defaultValue: double.NaN,
                flags: FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure),
            validateValueCallback: new ValidateValueCallback(IsValidReading));

    // CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    public double CurrentReading
    {
        get => (double)GetValue(CurrentReadingProperty);
        set => SetValue(CurrentReadingProperty, value);
    }

    // Validate-value callback.
    public static bool IsValidReading(object value)
    {
        double val = (double)value;
        return !val.Equals(double.NegativeInfinity) && 
            !val.Equals(double.PositiveInfinity);
    }
}

Public Class Gauge1
    Inherits Control

    Public Sub New()
        MyBase.New()
    End Sub

    Public Shared ReadOnly CurrentReadingProperty As DependencyProperty =
        DependencyProperty.Register(
            name:="CurrentReading",
            propertyType:=GetType(Double),
            ownerType:=GetType(Gauge1),
            typeMetadata:=New FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
                defaultValue:=Double.NaN,
                flags:=FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure),
            validateValueCallback:=New ValidateValueCallback(AddressOf IsValidReading))

    Public Property CurrentReading As Double
        Get
            Return GetValue(CurrentReadingProperty)
        End Get
        Set(value As Double)
            SetValue(CurrentReadingProperty, value)
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Shared Function IsValidReading(value As Object) As Boolean
        Dim val As Double = value
        Return Not val.Equals(Double.NegativeInfinity) AndAlso
            Not val.Equals(Double.PositiveInfinity)
    End Function

End Class

public static void TestValidationBehavior()
{
    Gauge1 gauge = new();

    Debug.WriteLine($"Test value validation scenario:");

    // Set allowed value.
    gauge.CurrentReading = 5;
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: {gauge.CurrentReading}");

    try
    {
        // Set disallowed value.
        gauge.CurrentReading = double.PositiveInfinity;
    }
    catch (ArgumentException e)
    {
        Debug.WriteLine($"Exception thrown by ValidateValueCallback: {e.Message}");
    }

    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: {gauge.CurrentReading}");

    // Current reading: 5
    // Exception thrown by ValidateValueCallback: '∞' is not a valid value for property 'CurrentReading'.
    // Current reading: 5
}

Public Shared Sub TestValidationBehavior()
    Dim gauge As New Gauge1()

    Debug.WriteLine($"Test value validation scenario:")

    ' Set allowed value.
    gauge.CurrentReading = 5
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: {gauge.CurrentReading}")

    Try
        ' Set disallowed value.
        gauge.CurrentReading = Double.PositiveInfinity
    Catch e As ArgumentException
        Debug.WriteLine($"Exception thrown by ValidateValueCallback: {e.Message}")
    End Try

    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: {gauge.CurrentReading}")

    ' Current reading: 5
    ' Exception thrown by ValidateValueCallback: '∞' is not a valid value for property 'CurrentReading'.
    ' Current reading 5
End Sub

属性更改的回调

属性更改回调会在依赖项属性的有效值发生更改时通知你。

属性更改回调函数是依赖属性元数据的一部分。如果从定义依赖属性的类派生，或将您的类添加为某个依赖属性的所有者，您可以重写元数据。重写元数据时，可以选择提供新的 PropertyChangedCallback 引用。使用属性更改回调运行属性值更改时所需的逻辑。

与验证值回调不同，属性更改回调包含一个参数，该参数用于指定DependencyObject上设置新值的实例。下一个示例演示如何使用 DependencyObject 属性更改的回调来触发强制值回调。

强制转换值回调

Coerce-value 回调提供了一种在依赖项属性的有效值即将更改时获得通知的方法，以便你可以在应用新值之前对其进行调整。除了由属性系统触发外，还可以从代码调用强制值回调。

强制值回调是依赖属性元数据的一部分。如果派生自定义依赖属性的类，或将类添加为依赖属性的所有者，则可以重写元数据。重写元数据时，可以选择提供对新 CoerceValueCallback项的引用。使用强制值回调来评估新值，并在必要时强制它们。如果发生强制，回调将返回强制值，否则返回未更改的新值。

与属性更改的回调类似，coerce-value 回调具有一个参数，该参数指定为 DependencyObject 设置新值的实例。下一个示例演示了强制值回调 DependencyObject 如何使用实例引用来强制属性值。

注释

无法强制使用默认属性值。依赖属性在对象初始化上设置了其默认值，或者在清除其他值时使用 ClearValue。

结合强制值和属性更改回调的运用

可以通过结合使用强制值回调和属性更改回调，在元素上创建属性之间的依赖关系。例如，一个属性的更改会强制或重新计算另外一个依赖属性。下一个示例演示了一个常见方案：三个依赖项属性，分别存储 UI 元素的当前值、最小值和最大值。如果最大值发生更改，使其小于当前值，则当前值将设置为新的最大值。如果最小值发生更改，使其大于当前值，则当前值将设置为新的最小值。在此示例中，PropertyChangedCallback 的当前值显式地调用了用于最小值和最大值的 CoerceValueCallback。

public class Gauge2 : Control
{
    public Gauge2() : base() { }

    // Register a dependency property with the specified property name,
    // property type, owner type, property metadata, and callbacks.
    public static readonly DependencyProperty CurrentReadingProperty =
        DependencyProperty.Register(
            name: "CurrentReading",
            propertyType: typeof(double),
            ownerType: typeof(Gauge2),
            typeMetadata: new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
                defaultValue: double.NaN,
                flags: FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure,
                propertyChangedCallback: new PropertyChangedCallback(OnCurrentReadingChanged),
                coerceValueCallback: new CoerceValueCallback(CoerceCurrentReading)
            ),
            validateValueCallback: new ValidateValueCallback(IsValidReading)
        );

    // CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    public double CurrentReading
    {
        get => (double)GetValue(CurrentReadingProperty);
        set => SetValue(CurrentReadingProperty, value);
    }

    // Validate-value callback.
    public static bool IsValidReading(object value)
    {
        double val = (double)value;
        return !val.Equals(double.NegativeInfinity) && !val.Equals(double.PositiveInfinity);
    }

    // Property-changed callback.
    private static void OnCurrentReadingChanged(DependencyObject depObj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        depObj.CoerceValue(MinReadingProperty);
        depObj.CoerceValue(MaxReadingProperty);
    }

    // Coerce-value callback.
    private static object CoerceCurrentReading(DependencyObject depObj, object value)
    {
        Gauge2 gauge = (Gauge2)depObj;
        double currentVal = (double)value;
        currentVal = currentVal < gauge.MinReading ? gauge.MinReading : currentVal;
        currentVal = currentVal > gauge.MaxReading ? gauge.MaxReading : currentVal;
        return currentVal;
    }

    // Register a dependency property with the specified property name,
    // property type, owner type, property metadata, and callbacks.
    public static readonly DependencyProperty MaxReadingProperty = DependencyProperty.Register(
        name: "MaxReading",
        propertyType: typeof(double),
        ownerType: typeof(Gauge2),
        typeMetadata: new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
            defaultValue: double.NaN,
            flags: FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure,
            propertyChangedCallback: new PropertyChangedCallback(OnMaxReadingChanged),
            coerceValueCallback: new CoerceValueCallback(CoerceMaxReading)
        ),
        validateValueCallback: new ValidateValueCallback(IsValidReading)
    );

    // CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    public double MaxReading
    {
        get => (double)GetValue(MaxReadingProperty);
        set => SetValue(MaxReadingProperty, value);
    }

    // Property-changed callback.
    private static void OnMaxReadingChanged(DependencyObject depObj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        depObj.CoerceValue(MinReadingProperty);
        depObj.CoerceValue(CurrentReadingProperty);
    }

    // Coerce-value callback.
    private static object CoerceMaxReading(DependencyObject depObj, object value)
    {
        Gauge2 gauge = (Gauge2)depObj;
        double maxVal = (double)value;
        return maxVal < gauge.MinReading ? gauge.MinReading : maxVal;
    }

    // Register a dependency property with the specified property name,
    // property type, owner type, property metadata, and callbacks.
    public static readonly DependencyProperty MinReadingProperty = DependencyProperty.Register(
    name: "MinReading",
    propertyType: typeof(double),
    ownerType: typeof(Gauge2),
    typeMetadata: new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
        defaultValue: double.NaN,
        flags: FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure,
        propertyChangedCallback: new PropertyChangedCallback(OnMinReadingChanged),
        coerceValueCallback: new CoerceValueCallback(CoerceMinReading)
    ),
    validateValueCallback: new ValidateValueCallback(IsValidReading));

    // CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    public double MinReading
    {
        get => (double)GetValue(MinReadingProperty);
        set => SetValue(MinReadingProperty, value);
    }

    // Property-changed callback.
    private static void OnMinReadingChanged(DependencyObject depObj, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        depObj.CoerceValue(MaxReadingProperty);
        depObj.CoerceValue(CurrentReadingProperty);
    }

    // Coerce-value callback.
    private static object CoerceMinReading(DependencyObject depObj, object value)
    {
        Gauge2 gauge = (Gauge2)depObj;
        double minVal = (double)value;
        return minVal > gauge.MaxReading ? gauge.MaxReading : minVal;
    }
}

Public Class Gauge2
    Inherits Control

    Public Sub New()
        MyBase.New()
    End Sub

    ' Register a dependency property with the specified property name,
    ' property type, owner type, property metadata, And callbacks.
    Public Shared ReadOnly CurrentReadingProperty As DependencyProperty =
        DependencyProperty.Register(
            name:="CurrentReading",
            propertyType:=GetType(Double),
            ownerType:=GetType(Gauge2),
            typeMetadata:=New FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
                defaultValue:=Double.NaN,
                flags:=FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure,
                propertyChangedCallback:=New PropertyChangedCallback(AddressOf OnCurrentReadingChanged),
                coerceValueCallback:=New CoerceValueCallback(AddressOf CoerceCurrentReading)),
            validateValueCallback:=New ValidateValueCallback(AddressOf IsValidReading))

    ' CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    Public Property CurrentReading As Double
        Get
            Return GetValue(CurrentReadingProperty)
        End Get
        Set(value As Double)
            SetValue(CurrentReadingProperty, value)
        End Set
    End Property

    ' Validate-value callback.
    Public Shared Function IsValidReading(value As Object) As Boolean
        Dim val As Double = value
        Return Not val.Equals(Double.NegativeInfinity) AndAlso Not val.Equals(Double.PositiveInfinity)
    End Function

    ' Property-changed callback.
    Private Shared Sub OnCurrentReadingChanged(depObj As DependencyObject, e As DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs)
        depObj.CoerceValue(MinReadingProperty)
        depObj.CoerceValue(MaxReadingProperty)
    End Sub

    ' Coerce-value callback.
    Private Shared Function CoerceCurrentReading(depObj As DependencyObject, value As Object) As Object
        Dim gauge As Gauge2 = CType(depObj, Gauge2)
        Dim currentVal As Double = value
        currentVal = If(currentVal < gauge.MinReading, gauge.MinReading, currentVal)
        currentVal = If(currentVal > gauge.MaxReading, gauge.MaxReading, currentVal)
        Return currentVal
    End Function

    Public Shared ReadOnly MaxReadingProperty As DependencyProperty =
        DependencyProperty.Register(
        name:="MaxReading",
        propertyType:=GetType(Double),
        ownerType:=GetType(Gauge2),
        typeMetadata:=New FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
            defaultValue:=Double.NaN,
            flags:=FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure,
            propertyChangedCallback:=New PropertyChangedCallback(AddressOf OnMaxReadingChanged),
            coerceValueCallback:=New CoerceValueCallback(AddressOf CoerceMaxReading)),
        validateValueCallback:=New ValidateValueCallback(AddressOf IsValidReading))

    ' CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    Public Property MaxReading As Double
        Get
            Return GetValue(MaxReadingProperty)
        End Get
        Set(value As Double)
            SetValue(MaxReadingProperty, value)
        End Set
    End Property

    ' Property-changed callback.
    Private Shared Sub OnMaxReadingChanged(depObj As DependencyObject, e As DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs)
        depObj.CoerceValue(MinReadingProperty)
        depObj.CoerceValue(CurrentReadingProperty)
    End Sub

    ' Coerce-value callback.
    Private Shared Function CoerceMaxReading(depObj As DependencyObject, value As Object) As Object
        Dim gauge As Gauge2 = CType(depObj, Gauge2)
        Dim maxVal As Double = value
        Return If(maxVal < gauge.MinReading, gauge.MinReading, maxVal)
    End Function

    ' Register a dependency property with the specified property name,
    ' property type, owner type, property metadata, And callbacks.
    Public Shared ReadOnly MinReadingProperty As DependencyProperty =
        DependencyProperty.Register(
        name:="MinReading",
        propertyType:=GetType(Double),
        ownerType:=GetType(Gauge2),
        typeMetadata:=New FrameworkPropertyMetadata(
            defaultValue:=Double.NaN,
            flags:=FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure,
            propertyChangedCallback:=New PropertyChangedCallback(AddressOf OnMinReadingChanged),
            coerceValueCallback:=New CoerceValueCallback(AddressOf CoerceMinReading)),
        validateValueCallback:=New ValidateValueCallback(AddressOf IsValidReading))

    ' CLR wrapper with get/set accessors.
    Public Property MinReading As Double
        Get
            Return GetValue(MinReadingProperty)
        End Get
        Set(value As Double)
            SetValue(MinReadingProperty, value)
        End Set
    End Property

    ' Property-changed callback.
    Private Shared Sub OnMinReadingChanged(depObj As DependencyObject, e As DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs)
        depObj.CoerceValue(MaxReadingProperty)
        depObj.CoerceValue(CurrentReadingProperty)
    End Sub

    ' Coerce-value callback.
    Private Shared Function CoerceMinReading(depObj As DependencyObject, value As Object) As Object
        Dim gauge As Gauge2 = CType(depObj, Gauge2)
        Dim minVal As Double = value
        Return If(minVal > gauge.MaxReading, gauge.MaxReading, minVal)
    End Function

End Class

高级回调场景

约束和所需值

如果通过强制修改依赖属性的本地设置值，则未更改的本地设置值将保留为所需值。如果强制基于其他属性值，则每当其他值发生更改时，属性系统就会动态重新评估强制。在强制约束内，属性系统将应用最接近所需值的值。如果强制条件不再适用，属性系统将还原所需的值，假定没有较高的优先级值处于活动状态。以下示例测试当前值、最小值和最大值方案中的强制。

public static void TestCoercionBehavior()
{
    Gauge2 gauge = new()
    {
        // Set initial values.
        MinReading = 0,
        MaxReading = 10,
        CurrentReading = 5
    };

    Debug.WriteLine($"Test current/min/max values scenario:");

    // Current reading is not coerced.
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " +
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min: {gauge.MinReading}, max: {gauge.MaxReading})");

    // Current reading is coerced to max value.
    gauge.MaxReading = 3;
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " +
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min: {gauge.MinReading}, max: {gauge.MaxReading})");

    // Current reading is coerced, but tracking back to the desired value.
    gauge.MaxReading = 4;
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " +
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min: {gauge.MinReading}, max: {gauge.MaxReading})");

    // Current reading reverts to the desired value.
    gauge.MaxReading = 10;
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " +
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min: {gauge.MinReading}, max: {gauge.MaxReading})");

    // Current reading remains at the desired value.
    gauge.MinReading = 5;
    gauge.MaxReading = 5;
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " +
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min: {gauge.MinReading}, max: {gauge.MaxReading})");

    // Current reading: 5 (min=0, max=10)
    // Current reading: 3 (min=0, max=3)
    // Current reading: 4 (min=0, max=4)
    // Current reading: 5 (min=0, max=10)
    // Current reading: 5 (min=5, max=5)
}

Public Shared Sub TestCoercionBehavior()

    ' Set initial values.
    Dim gauge As New Gauge2 With {
        .MinReading = 0,
        .MaxReading = 10,
        .CurrentReading = 5
    }

    Debug.WriteLine($"Test current/min/max values scenario:")

    ' Current reading is not coerced.
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " &
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min={gauge.MinReading}, max={gauge.MaxReading})")

    ' Current reading is coerced to max value.
    gauge.MaxReading = 3
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " &
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min={gauge.MinReading}, max={gauge.MaxReading})")

    ' Current reading is coerced, but tracking back to the desired value.
    gauge.MaxReading = 4
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " &
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min={gauge.MinReading}, max={gauge.MaxReading})")

    ' Current reading reverts to the desired value.
    gauge.MaxReading = 10
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " &
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min={gauge.MinReading}, max={gauge.MaxReading})")

    ' Current reading remains at the desired value.
    gauge.MinReading = 5
    gauge.MaxReading = 5
    Debug.WriteLine($"Current reading: " &
        $"{gauge.CurrentReading} (min={gauge.MinReading}, max={gauge.MaxReading})")

    ' Current reading: 5 (min=0, max=10)
    ' Current reading: 3 (min=0, max=3)
    ' Current reading: 4 (min=0, max=4)
    ' Current reading: 5 (min=0, max=10)
    ' Current reading: 5 (min=5, max=5)
End Sub

当有多个属性以循环方式相互依赖时，可能会出现相当复杂的依赖项方案。从技术上看，复杂的依赖项没有什么问题，只是大量的重新评估可以降低性能。此外，UI 中公开的复杂依赖项可能会使用户感到困惑。尽可能明确地对待 PropertyChangedCallback 和 CoerceValueCallback，并且不要过度限制。

取消值更改

通过从 a CoerceValueCallback返回UnsetValue，可以拒绝属性值更改。当以异步方式启动属性值更改时，此机制非常有用，但在应用此属性时不再对当前对象状态有效。另一种方案可能是根据值来源选择性地禁止更改。在下面的示例中，调用CoerceValueCallbackGetValueSource该方法，该方法返回一个ValueSource BaseValueSource包含枚举的结构，该结构标识新值的源。

// Coerce-value callback.
private static object CoerceCurrentReading(DependencyObject depObj, object value)
{
    // Get value source.
    ValueSource valueSource = 
        DependencyPropertyHelper.GetValueSource(depObj, CurrentReadingProperty);

    // Reject any property value change that's a locally set value.
    return valueSource.BaseValueSource == BaseValueSource.Local ? 
        DependencyProperty.UnsetValue : value;
}

' Coerce-value callback.
Private Shared Function CoerceCurrentReading(depObj As DependencyObject, value As Object) As Object
    ' Get value source.
    Dim valueSource As ValueSource =
        DependencyPropertyHelper.GetValueSource(depObj, CurrentReadingProperty)

    ' Reject any property value that's a locally set value.
    Return If(valueSource.BaseValueSource = BaseValueSource.Local, DependencyProperty.UnsetValue, value)
End Function

通过