什么是控制?

Windows Presentation Foundation(WPF)附带了许多在几乎所有 Windows 应用中使用的常见 UI 组件,例如ButtonLabelTextBoxMenuListBox。 从历史上看,这些对象称为控件。 术语“control”用于松散地用于表示应用中可见对象的任何类。 请务必注意,类不需要从 Control 类继承才能有可见状态。 继承自类的 Control 类包含一个 ControlTemplate,它允许控件使用者从根本上更改控件的外观,而无需创建新的子类。 本文讨论如何在 WPF 中常用的控件(同时继承自 Control 类的控件和不继承的控件)。

创建控件的实例

可以使用可扩展应用程序标记语言(XAML)或代码将控件添加到应用。 例如,请考虑以下 WPF 窗口的图像,该窗口要求用户输入其名称和地址:

WPF 应用的屏幕截图,其中包含两个标有名称和地址的文本框。两个按钮可见。一个按钮名为“重置”,另一个按钮名为“Submit”。

此窗口包含六个控件:两个标签、两个文本框和两个按钮。 XAML 用于创建这些控件,如以下代码片段所示:

<Window x:Class="Examples.ExampleApp"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        Title="Input Record" Height="Auto" Width="300" SizeToContent="Height">
    <Grid Margin="5">
        <Grid.RowDefinitions>
            <RowDefinition Height="30"/>
            <RowDefinition Height="30"/>
            <RowDefinition Height="30"/>
        </Grid.RowDefinitions>
        <Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
            <ColumnDefinition/>
            <ColumnDefinition/>
        </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>

        <Label>Enter your name:</Label>
        <TextBox Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" Name="FirstName" Margin="2" />

        <Label Grid.Row="1">Enter your address:</Label>
        <TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" Name="LastName" Margin="2" />

        <Button Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="0" Name="Reset" Margin="2">Reset</Button>
        <Button Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" Name="Submit" Margin="2">Submit</Button>
    </Grid>
</Window>

可以在 XAML 中类似地创建所有控件。 可以在代码中创建同一窗口:

// Grid container which is the content of the Window
Grid container = new() { Margin = new Thickness(5) };
container.RowDefinitions.Add(new RowDefinition());
container.RowDefinitions.Add(new RowDefinition());
container.RowDefinitions.Add(new RowDefinition());
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition());
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition());

// Create the two labels, assign the second label to the second row
Label labelName = new() { Content = "Enter your name:" };
container.Children.Add(labelName);

Label labelAddress = new() { Content = "Enter your address:" };
Grid.SetRow(labelAddress, 1);
container.Children.Add(labelAddress);

// Create the two textboxes, assign both to the second column and
// assign the second textbox to the second row.
TextBox textboxName = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2) };
Grid.SetColumn(textboxName, 1);
container.Children.Add(textboxName);

TextBox textboxAddress = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2) };
Grid.SetRow(textboxAddress, 1);
Grid.SetColumn(textboxAddress, 1);
container.Children.Add(textboxAddress);

// Create the two buttons, assign both to the third row and
// assign the second button to the second column.
Button buttonReset = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2), Content = "Reset" };
Grid.SetRow(buttonReset, 2);
container.Children.Add(buttonReset);

Button buttonSubmit = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2), Content = "Submit" };
Grid.SetColumn(buttonSubmit, 1);
Grid.SetRow(buttonSubmit, 2);
container.Children.Add(buttonSubmit);

// Create the popup window and assign the container (Grid) as its content
Window inputWindow = new()
{
    Title = "Input Record",
    Height = double.NaN,
    Width = 300,
    SizeToContent = SizeToContent.Height,
    Content = container
};

inputWindow.Show();
' Grid container which is the content of the Window
Dim container As New Grid() With {.Margin = New Thickness(5)}
container.RowDefinitions.Add(New RowDefinition())
container.RowDefinitions.Add(New RowDefinition())
container.RowDefinitions.Add(New RowDefinition())
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(New ColumnDefinition())
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(New ColumnDefinition())

' Create the two labels, assign the second label to the second row
Dim labelName As New Label() With {.Content = "Enter your name:"}
container.Children.Add(labelName)

Dim labelAddress As New Label() With {.Content = "Enter your address:"}
Grid.SetRow(labelAddress, 1)
container.Children.Add(labelAddress)

' Create the two textboxes, assign both to the second column and
' assign the second textbox to the second row.
Dim textboxName As New TextBox() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2)}
Grid.SetColumn(textboxName, 1)
container.Children.Add(textboxName)

Dim textboxAddress As New TextBox() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2)}
Grid.SetRow(textboxAddress, 1)
Grid.SetColumn(textboxAddress, 1)
container.Children.Add(textboxAddress)

' Create the two buttons, assign both to the third row and
' assign the second button to the second column.
Dim buttonReset As New Button() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2), .Content = "Reset"}
Grid.SetRow(buttonReset, 2)
container.Children.Add(buttonReset)

Dim buttonSubmit As New Button() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2), .Content = "Submit"}
Grid.SetColumn(buttonSubmit, 1)
Grid.SetRow(buttonSubmit, 2)
container.Children.Add(buttonSubmit)

' Create the window and assign the container (Grid) as its content
Dim inputWindow As New Window() With
{
    .Title = "Input Record",
    .Height = Double.NaN,
    .Width = 300,
    .SizeToContent = SizeToContent.Height,
    .Content = container
}

inputWindow.Show()

订阅事件

可以使用 XAML 或代码订阅控件的事件,但只能在代码中处理事件。

在 XAML 中,事件设置为元素上的属性。 不能将 <Element.Event>handler<Element.Event> 表示法用于事件。 以下代码片段演示如何订阅 Click 以下 Button事件:

<Button Click="Submit_Click" Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" Name="Submit" Margin="2">Submit</Button>

下面介绍如何在代码中执行相同的作:

Button buttonSubmit = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2), Content = "Submit" };
buttonSubmit.Click += Submit_Click;
Dim buttonSubmit As New Button() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2), .Content = "Submit"}
AddHandler buttonSubmit.Click, AddressOf Submit_Click

以下代码片段处理 Click 以下 Button事件:

private void Submit_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    MessageBox.Show("Someone clicked the submit button.");
}
Private Sub Submit_Click(sender As Object, e As Windows.RoutedEventArgs)
    MessageBox.Show("Someone clicked the submit button.")
End Sub

更改控件的外观

通常更改控件的外观以适应应用的外观。 可以通过执行以下作之一来更改控件的外观,具体取决于要完成的内容:

  • 更改控件的属性的值。
  • 为控件创建一个 Style
  • 为控件创建新 ControlTemplate 控件。

更改控件的属性

许多控件都具有属性,可用于更改控件的显示方式,例如按钮的背景。 可以在 XAML 和代码中设置值属性。 以下示例在 XAML 中的Button上设置BackgroundFontSizeFontWeight属性:

<Button Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" Name="Submit" Margin="2" Content="Submit">
    <Button.FontSize>18</Button.FontSize>
    <Button.FontWeight>Bold</Button.FontWeight>
    <Button.Background>
        <LinearGradientBrush>
            <GradientStop Color="#0073E6" Offset="0.0" />
            <GradientStop Color="#81D4FA" Offset="0.9" />
        </LinearGradientBrush>
    </Button.Background>
</Button>

下面介绍如何在代码中执行相同的作:

Button buttonSubmit = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2), Content = "Submit" };
buttonSubmit.FontSize = 18f;
buttonSubmit.FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold;
buttonSubmit.Background =
    new LinearGradientBrush(
        (Color)ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#0073E6"),
        (Color)ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#81D4FA"),
        new Point(0d, 0d),
        new Point(0.9d, 0d));
Dim buttonSubmit As New Button() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2), .Content = "Submit"}
buttonSubmit.FontSize = 18.0F
buttonSubmit.FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold
buttonSubmit.Background =
        New LinearGradientBrush(
            ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#0073E6"),
            ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#81D4FA"),
            New Point(0D, 0D),
            New Point(0.9D, 0D))

示例窗口现在如下图所示:

WPF 应用的屏幕截图,其中包含两个标有名称和地址的文本框。两个按钮可见。一个按钮名为“重置”,另一个按钮名为“Submit”。“提交”按钮具有从蓝色过渡到浅蓝色的渐变背景。

为控件创建样式

WPF 使你能够通过创建控件 Style而不是在每个控件上设置属性来指定控件的外观。 Style 定义通常在 XAML 中的 ResourceDictionary 内定义,例如作为控件或窗口的 Resources 属性。 资源应用于其声明的范围。 有关详细信息,请参阅 XAML 资源的概述

以下示例将 Style 应用于定义样式的同一 Grid 中包含的每个 Button

<Grid.Resources>
    <Style TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
        <Style.Setters>
            <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="18" />
            <Setter Property="FontWeight" Value="Bold" />
            <Setter Property="Background">
                <Setter.Value>
                    <LinearGradientBrush>
                        <GradientStop Color="#0073E6" Offset="0.0" />
                        <GradientStop Color="#81D4FA" Offset="0.9" />
                    </LinearGradientBrush>
                </Setter.Value>
            </Setter>
        </Style.Setters>
    </Style>
</Grid.Resources>

下面介绍如何在代码中实现同样的操作:

Grid container = new() { Margin = new Thickness(5) };
container.RowDefinitions.Add(new RowDefinition());
container.RowDefinitions.Add(new RowDefinition());
container.RowDefinitions.Add(new RowDefinition());
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition());
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition());

Style buttonStyle = new(typeof(Button));
buttonStyle.Setters.Add(new Setter(Button.FontSizeProperty, 18d));
buttonStyle.Setters.Add(new Setter(Button.FontWeightProperty, FontWeights.Bold));
buttonStyle.Setters.Add(new Setter(Button.BackgroundProperty,
    new LinearGradientBrush(
        (Color)ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#0073E6"),
        (Color)ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#81D4FA"),
        new Point(0d, 0d),
        new Point(0.9d, 0d))));

container.Resources.Add(typeof(Button), buttonStyle);
Dim container As New Grid() With {.Margin = New Thickness(5)}
container.RowDefinitions.Add(New RowDefinition())
container.RowDefinitions.Add(New RowDefinition())
container.RowDefinitions.Add(New RowDefinition())
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(New ColumnDefinition())
container.ColumnDefinitions.Add(New ColumnDefinition())

Dim buttonStyle As New Style(GetType(Button))
buttonStyle.Setters.Add(New Setter(Button.FontSizeProperty, 18.0R))
buttonStyle.Setters.Add(New Setter(Button.FontWeightProperty, FontWeights.Bold))
buttonStyle.Setters.Add(New Setter(Button.BackgroundProperty,
        New LinearGradientBrush(
            ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#0073E6"),
            ColorConverter.ConvertFromString("#81D4FA"),
            New Point(0D, 0D),
            New Point(0.9D, 0D))))

container.Resources.Add(GetType(Button), buttonStyle)

下图显示了应用于窗口网格的样式,这会更改两个按钮的外观:

WPF 应用的屏幕截图,其中包含两个标有名称和地址的文本框。两个按钮可见。一个按钮名为“重置”,另一个按钮名为“Submit”。这两个按钮都有一个渐变背景,该背景从蓝色过渡到浅蓝色。

与其将样式应用于特定类型的所有控件,您也可以通过在资源字典中为样式添加一个键,并在控件的 Style 属性中引用该键,将样式分配给特定控件。 有关样式的详细信息,请参阅 样式和模板化

创建 ControlTemplate

使用 Style 可以一次设置多个控件的属性,但有时你可能需要自定义某个控件的外观,而这超出了 Style 的能力。 从 Control 类继承的类具有一个 ControlTemplate,它定义了控件的结构和外观。

请考虑该 Button 控件,即几乎每个应用使用的通用控件。 按钮的主要行为是在用户选择按钮时使应用能够执行某些作。 默认情况下,WPF 中的按钮显示为凸起的矩形。 在开发应用时,你可能想要利用按钮的行为(即用户如何与引发 Click 事件的按钮交互),但你可能希望更改按钮的外观,超出仅仅通过更改按钮属性所能实现的程度。 在这种情况下,可以创建新的 ControlTemplate

以下示例为Button创建ControlTemplateControlTemplate 会创建一个视觉效果,为 Button 呈现带有圆角和渐变背景的边框。

<Button Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" Name="Submit" Margin="2" Content="Submit">
    <Button.Template>
        <ControlTemplate TargetType="Button">
            <Border Name="Border" CornerRadius="10" BorderThickness="1" BorderBrush="Black">
                <Border.Background>
                    <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0.5" 
                         EndPoint="1,0.5">
                        <GradientStop Color="{Binding Background.Color, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}" Offset="0.0" />
                        <GradientStop Color="PeachPuff" Offset="0.9" />
                    </LinearGradientBrush>
                </Border.Background>
                <ContentPresenter Margin="2" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" RecognizesAccessKey="True"/>
            </Border>
            <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                <!--Change the appearance of the button when the user clicks it.-->
                <Trigger Property="IsPressed" Value="true">
                    <Setter TargetName="Border" Property="Background">
                        <Setter.Value>
                            <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0.5" EndPoint="1,0.5">
                                <GradientStop Color="{Binding Background.Color, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}" Offset="0.0" />
                                <GradientStop Color="LightBlue" Offset="0.9" />
                            </LinearGradientBrush>
                        </Setter.Value>
                    </Setter>
                </Trigger>
            </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
        </ControlTemplate>
    </Button.Template>
</Button>

注释

必须将 ButtonBackground 属性设置为 SolidColorBrush,以便示例正常工作。

下面介绍如何在代码中执行相同的操作。 以下代码创建一个 XAML 字符串并对其进行分析,以生成可应用的模板,这是在运行时生成模板的受支持方法。

Button buttonSubmit = new() { Margin = new Thickness(2), Content = "Submit" };

// Create the XAML used to define the button template
const string xaml = """
    <ControlTemplate TargetType="Button">
        <Border Name="Border" CornerRadius="10" BorderThickness="1" BorderBrush="Black">
            <Border.Background>
                <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0.5" 
                     EndPoint="1,0.5">
                    <GradientStop Color="{Binding Background.Color, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}" Offset="0.0" />
                    <GradientStop Color="PeachPuff" Offset="0.9" />
                </LinearGradientBrush>
            </Border.Background>
            <ContentPresenter Margin="2" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center" RecognizesAccessKey="True"/>
        </Border>
        <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
            <!--Change the appearance of the button when the user clicks it.-->
            <Trigger Property="IsPressed" Value="true">
                <Setter TargetName="Border" Property="Background">
                    <Setter.Value>
                        <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0.5" EndPoint="1,0.5">
                            <GradientStop Color="{Binding Background.Color, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}" Offset="0.0" />
                            <GradientStop Color="LightBlue" Offset="0.9" />
                        </LinearGradientBrush>
                    </Setter.Value>
                </Setter>
            </Trigger>
        </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
    </ControlTemplate>
    """;

// Load the XAML into a stream that can be parsed
using MemoryStream stream = new(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(xaml));

// Create a parser context and add the default namespace and 
// the x namespace, which is common to WPF XAML
System.Windows.Markup.ParserContext context = new();
context.XmlnsDictionary.Add("", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation");
context.XmlnsDictionary.Add("x", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml");

// Parse the XAML and assign it to the button's template
buttonSubmit.Template = (ControlTemplate)System.Windows.Markup.XamlReader.Load(stream, context);

// Set the other properties of the button
Grid.SetColumn(buttonSubmit, 1);
Grid.SetRow(buttonSubmit, 2);

// Assign the button to the grid container
container.Children.Add(buttonSubmit);
Dim buttonSubmit As New Button() With {.Margin = New Thickness(2), .Content = "Submit"}

' Create the XAML used to define the button template
Const xaml As String = "
    <ControlTemplate TargetType=""Button"">
        <Border Name=""Border"" CornerRadius=""10"" BorderThickness=""1"" BorderBrush=""Black"">
            <Border.Background>
                <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint=""0,0.5"" 
                     EndPoint=""1,0.5"">
                    <GradientStop Color=""{Binding Background.Color, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}"" Offset=""0.0"" />
                    <GradientStop Color=""PeachPuff"" Offset=""0.9"" />
                </LinearGradientBrush>
            </Border.Background>
            <ContentPresenter Margin=""2"" HorizontalAlignment=""Center"" VerticalAlignment=""Center"" RecognizesAccessKey=""True""/>
        </Border>
        <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
            <!--Change the appearance of the button when the user clicks it.-->
            <Trigger Property=""IsPressed"" Value=""true"">
                <Setter TargetName=""Border"" Property=""Background"">
                    <Setter.Value>
                        <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint=""0,0.5"" EndPoint=""1,0.5"">
                            <GradientStop Color=""{Binding Background.Color, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}"" Offset=""0.0"" />
                            <GradientStop Color=""LightBlue"" Offset=""0.9"" />
                        </LinearGradientBrush>
                    </Setter.Value>
                </Setter>
            </Trigger>
        </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
    </ControlTemplate>"

' Load the XAML into a stream that can be parsed
Using stream As New MemoryStream(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(xaml))

    ' Create a parser context and add the default namespace and 
    ' the x namespace, which is common to WPF XAML
    Dim context = New System.Windows.Markup.ParserContext()
    context.XmlnsDictionary.Add("", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation")
    context.XmlnsDictionary.Add("x", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml")

    ' Parse the XAML and assign it to the button's template
    buttonSubmit.Template = System.Windows.Markup.XamlReader.Load(stream, context)
End Using

' Set the other properties of the button
Grid.SetColumn(buttonSubmit, 1)
Grid.SetRow(buttonSubmit, 2)

' Assign the button to the grid container
container.Children.Add(buttonSubmit)

下图显示了应用模板时的外观:

WPF 应用的屏幕截图,其中包含两个标有名称和地址的文本框。两个按钮可见。一个按钮名为“重置”,另一个按钮名为“Submit”。“提交”按钮具有圆角,并应用了桃色。

在前面的示例中,该 ControlTemplate 按钮应用于单个按钮。 然而,可以将ControlTemplate分配给Style并应用于所有按钮,例如创建控件样式部分中演示的内容。

有关如何利用模板提供的独特功能的详细信息,请参阅 样式设置和模板化

控件中的丰富内容

大多数从Control类继承的类都具备包含丰富内容的能力。 例如,Label 可以包含任何对象,例如字符串、ImagePanel。 以下类支持丰富的内容,并充当 WPF 中大多数控件的基类: